1 Summary

This script runs analyses on data from study 2. Specifically, it compares data from two groups of participants who underwent escapable stress (EC) or yoked inescapable stress (YC), respectively. We use the terms “group” and “condition” interchangeably. . Measurements under investigation comprised reaction times (RTs) and ratings under acute stress (stressor aversiveness, control, exhaustion, helplessness) as well as pre-post changes in affective state (STADI and PANAS questionnaires), and effects escape behaviour (activity, exploration, escapes, efficiency).

2 Sample Descriptives

In total, the sample consisted of N = 100 participants with n = 62 in EC and n = 38 in YC.

2.1 Age & Sex

3 A priori Group Difference Checks

3.1 Sex (Chi-square Test)

## 
##  Pearson's Chi-squared test with Yates' continuity correction
## 
## data:  demo$condition and demo$sex
## X-squared = 0.061738, df = 1, p-value = 0.8038

There were no a priori group differences in male-female ratio.

3.2 Age (t-test)

## 
##  Two Sample t-test
## 
## data:  demo$age[demo$condition == "EC"] and demo$age[demo$condition == "YC"]
## t = -1.758, df = 98, p-value = 0.08186
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  -3.169705  0.191776
## sample estimates:
## mean of x mean of y 
##  22.77419  24.26316
## 
## Cohen's d
## 
## d estimate: -0.362193 (small)
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##       lower       upper 
## -0.77418265  0.04979672

Overall, there were no significant differences in age across groups (only a trend effect).There were two extreme outliers which we excluded from subsequent analyses.

3.3 Level of Education

## # A tibble: 1 x 8
##   .y.             group1 group2    n1    n2 statistic     p p.signif
##   <chr>           <chr>  <chr>  <int> <int>     <dbl> <dbl> <chr>   
## 1 education_level EC     YC        62    38     1102. 0.507 ns
## # A tibble: 1 x 7
##   .y.             group1 group2 effsize    n1    n2 magnitude
## * <chr>           <chr>  <chr>    <dbl> <int> <int> <ord>    
## 1 education_level EC     YC      0.0669    62    38 small

There were no a priori group differences with respect to level of education.

4 Manipulation Check

4.1 Verify Yoking of Stress Durations

## 
##  Two Sample t-test
## 
## data:  stress$stress_duration[stress$condition == "EC"] and stress$stress_duration[stress$condition == "YC"]
## t = 0.6079, df = 5878, p-value = 0.5433
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  -0.0681606  0.1294337
## sample estimates:
## mean of x mean of y 
##  7.896099  7.865463

There were no overall differences in overall stress durations between EC and YC because YC participants were pseudoyoked to EC. Very slight timing inaccurracies are due to program execution differences. Note that durations across trials differ between groups. We deliberately introduced a discount of max. stress exposure in EC to enhance the feeling of control. In YC, we randomly shuffled stress durations obtained from EC to enhance the feeling of arbitrary stress durations outside the participant’s control.

4.2 Assess Performance in EC

8 EC participants had less than 30% correct trials, however, excluding them did not affect subsequent results, so we kept them.

4.3 Stressor Aversiveness

There were no extreme outliers with respect to aversiveness ratings.

## 
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
## 
##                  Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df   F value  Pr(>F)    
## (Intercept)     10617.7      1   953.48     95 1057.9007 < 2e-16 ***
## condition           0.1      1   953.48     95    0.0071 0.93323    
## trial               4.1      3   151.37    285    2.5876 0.05329 .  
## condition:trial     0.4      3   151.37    285    0.2778 0.84138    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## 
## Mauchly Tests for Sphericity
## 
##                 Test statistic    p-value
## trial                  0.61671 1.2643e-08
## condition:trial        0.61671 1.2643e-08
## 
## 
## Greenhouse-Geisser and Huynh-Feldt Corrections
##  for Departure from Sphericity
## 
##                  GG eps Pr(>F[GG])  
## trial           0.74495    0.07123 .
## condition:trial 0.74495    0.78170  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
##                    HF eps Pr(>F[HF])
## trial           0.7637362 0.06972818
## condition:trial 0.7637362 0.78698345
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: aversive_rating
##            Effect           df   MSE      F    pes p.value
## 1       condition        1, 95 10.04   0.01 <.0001     .93
## 2           trial 2.23, 212.31  0.71 2.59 +    .03     .07
## 3 condition:trial 2.23, 212.31  0.71   0.28   .003     .78
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Sphericity correction method: GG
## 
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
## 
##                      Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df   F value    Pr(>F)    
## (Intercept)         10096.6      1   884.23     93 1061.9212 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition               0.0      1   884.23     93    0.0034  0.953671    
## sex                    66.8      1   884.23     93    7.0295  0.009425 ** 
## condition:sex           0.3      1   884.23     93    0.0304  0.862051    
## trial                   3.1      3   143.42    279    1.9862  0.116250    
## condition:trial         0.6      3   143.42    279    0.4075  0.747721    
## sex:trial               3.8      3   143.42    279    2.4461  0.064159 .  
## condition:sex:trial     5.9      3   143.42    279    3.8019  0.010699 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## 
## Mauchly Tests for Sphericity
## 
##                     Test statistic    p-value
## trial                      0.65263 2.2291e-07
## condition:trial            0.65263 2.2291e-07
## sex:trial                  0.65263 2.2291e-07
## condition:sex:trial        0.65263 2.2291e-07
## 
## 
## Greenhouse-Geisser and Huynh-Feldt Corrections
##  for Departure from Sphericity
## 
##                      GG eps Pr(>F[GG])  
## trial               0.76818    0.13255  
## condition:trial     0.76818    0.69478  
## sex:trial           0.76818    0.08086 .
## condition:sex:trial 0.76818    0.01879 *
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
##                        HF eps Pr(>F[HF])
## trial               0.7888231 0.13104078
## condition:trial     0.7888231 0.70015330
## sex:trial           0.7888231 0.07921093
## condition:sex:trial 0.7888231 0.01786286
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: aversive_rating
##                Effect           df  MSE       F    pes p.value
## 1           condition        1, 93 9.51    0.00 <.0001     .95
## 2                 sex        1, 93 9.51 7.03 **    .07    .009
## 3       condition:sex        1, 93 9.51    0.03  .0003     .86
## 4               trial 2.30, 214.32 0.67    1.99    .02     .13
## 5     condition:trial 2.30, 214.32 0.67    0.41   .004     .69
## 6           sex:trial 2.30, 214.32 0.67  2.45 +    .03     .08
## 7 condition:sex:trial 2.30, 214.32 0.67  3.80 *    .04     .02
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Sphericity correction method: GG

Both EC and YC rated the stressor as very aversive (global M = 5.3814433). Mean aversiveness ratings did not differ between groups. Stressor aversiveness ratings remained constant over time (there was only a trend for change over trials). We observed a group x sex x trial interaction.

4.4 Perceived Stressor Controllability

There were no extreme outliers with respect to perceived control ratings.

## 
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
## 
##                  Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df  F value    Pr(>F)    
## (Intercept)     2746.38      1   931.58     96 283.0182 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition        157.49      1   931.58     96  16.2291 0.0001123 ***
## trial             31.74      3   454.55    288   6.7035 0.0002182 ***
## condition:trial    9.54      3   454.55    288   2.0140 0.1121045    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## 
## Mauchly Tests for Sphericity
## 
##                 Test statistic    p-value
## trial                  0.75805 8.0297e-05
## condition:trial        0.75805 8.0297e-05
## 
## 
## Greenhouse-Geisser and Huynh-Feldt Corrections
##  for Departure from Sphericity
## 
##                  GG eps Pr(>F[GG])    
## trial           0.84013   0.000554 ***
## condition:trial 0.84013   0.123273    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
##                    HF eps   Pr(>F[HF])
## trial           0.8646418 0.0004800631
## condition:trial 0.8646418 0.1215038746
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: control_rating
##            Effect           df  MSE         F pes p.value
## 1       condition        1, 96 9.70 16.23 *** .14   .0001
## 2           trial 2.52, 241.96 1.88  6.70 *** .07   .0006
## 3 condition:trial 2.52, 241.96 1.88      2.01 .02     .12
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Sphericity correction method: GG
##  contrast  estimate    SE  df t.ratio p.value
##  X15 - X30 -0.35482 0.184 288 -1.927  0.1554 
##  X15 - X45 -0.35965 0.184 288 -1.953  0.1554 
##  X15 - X60 -0.82237 0.184 288 -4.465  0.0001 
##  X30 - X45 -0.00482 0.184 288 -0.026  0.9791 
##  X30 - X60 -0.46754 0.184 288 -2.539  0.0583 
##  X45 - X60 -0.46272 0.184 288 -2.512  0.0583 
## 
## Results are averaged over the levels of: condition 
## P value adjustment: holm method for 6 tests
## Call:
## bwtrim(formula = control_rating ~ condition * factor(trial), 
##     id = ID, data = ratings)
## 
##                           value df1     df2 p.value
## condition               13.0942   1 53.9195  0.0007
## factor(trial)            3.7943   3 42.2487  0.0170
## condition:factor(trial)  3.4766   3 42.2487  0.0241
## 
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
## 
##                      Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df  F value    Pr(>F)    
## (Intercept)         2747.27      1   916.26     94 281.8458 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition            150.27      1   916.26     94  15.4168 0.0001643 ***
## sex                   15.10      1   916.26     94   1.5488 0.2164023    
## condition:sex          0.20      1   916.26     94   0.0202 0.8873271    
## trial                 34.20      3   442.44    282   7.2653 0.0001037 ***
## condition:trial        8.06      3   442.44    282   1.7133 0.1644376    
## sex:trial              2.58      3   442.44    282   0.5491 0.6491150    
## condition:sex:trial   10.51      3   442.44    282   2.2330 0.0845811 .  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## 
## Mauchly Tests for Sphericity
## 
##                     Test statistic    p-value
## trial                      0.76695 0.00016646
## condition:trial            0.76695 0.00016646
## sex:trial                  0.76695 0.00016646
## condition:sex:trial        0.76695 0.00016646
## 
## 
## Greenhouse-Geisser and Huynh-Feldt Corrections
##  for Departure from Sphericity
## 
##                      GG eps Pr(>F[GG])    
## trial               0.84524  0.0002837 ***
## condition:trial     0.84524  0.1732190    
## sex:trial           0.84524  0.6196531    
## condition:sex:trial 0.84524  0.0956516 .  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
##                        HF eps   Pr(>F[HF])
## trial               0.8706213 0.0002404004
## condition:trial     0.8706213 0.1717782978
## sex:trial           0.8706213 0.6248265690
## condition:sex:trial 0.8706213 0.0937452632
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: control_rating
##                Effect           df  MSE         F   pes p.value
## 1           condition        1, 94 9.75 15.42 ***   .14   .0002
## 2                 sex        1, 94 9.75      1.55   .02     .22
## 3       condition:sex        1, 94 9.75      0.02 .0002     .89
## 4               trial 2.54, 238.36 1.86  7.27 ***   .07   .0003
## 5     condition:trial 2.54, 238.36 1.86      1.71   .02     .17
## 6           sex:trial 2.54, 238.36 1.86      0.55  .006     .62
## 7 condition:sex:trial 2.54, 238.36 1.86    2.23 +   .02     .10
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Sphericity correction method: GG

We observed group differences in perceived control in the expected direction: YC reported lower control than EC. Overall perceived control increased over time (not clear why this would be the case in YC). No sex differences emerged.

5 Ratings and RT During Stress Exposure

5.1 Feelings of Helplessness

There were no outliers with respect to helplessness ratings.

## 
##  Two Sample t-test
## 
## data:  ratingMean$helpless_rating[ratingMean$condition == "EC"] and ratingMean$helpless_rating[ratingMean$condition == "YC"]
## t = -2.8957, df = 96, p-value = 0.004685
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  -1.7379906 -0.3242901
## sample estimates:
## mean of x mean of y 
##  4.133333  5.164474
## 
## Cohen's d
## 
## d estimate: -0.6003342 (medium)
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##      lower      upper 
## -1.0205757 -0.1800926

## 
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
## 
##                     Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df  F value    Pr(>F)    
## (Intercept)         7820.1      1  1119.56     94 656.5840 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition             97.3      1  1119.56     94   8.1654  0.005257 ** 
## sex                   10.7      1  1119.56     94   0.8982  0.345687    
## condition:sex          0.7      1  1119.56     94   0.0557  0.813939    
## trial                 51.1      3   521.53    282   9.2035 7.912e-06 ***
## condition:trial        2.1      3   521.53    282   0.3875  0.762110    
## sex:trial              1.9      3   521.53    282   0.3378  0.798048    
## condition:sex:trial    9.3      3   521.53    282   1.6675  0.174205    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## 
## Mauchly Tests for Sphericity
## 
##                     Test statistic    p-value
## trial                      0.78507 0.00043271
## condition:trial            0.78507 0.00043271
## sex:trial                  0.78507 0.00043271
## condition:sex:trial        0.78507 0.00043271
## 
## 
## Greenhouse-Geisser and Huynh-Feldt Corrections
##  for Departure from Sphericity
## 
##                      GG eps Pr(>F[GG])    
## trial               0.87621  2.371e-05 ***
## condition:trial     0.87621     0.7355    
## sex:trial           0.87621     0.7713    
## condition:sex:trial 0.87621     0.1808    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
##                        HF eps   Pr(>F[HF])
## trial               0.9037063 1.857298e-05
## condition:trial     0.9037063 7.417994e-01
## sex:trial           0.9037063 7.776646e-01
## condition:sex:trial 0.9037063 1.793502e-01
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: helpless_rating
##                Effect           df   MSE        F   pes p.value
## 1           condition        1, 94 11.91  8.17 **   .08    .005
## 2                 sex        1, 94 11.91     0.90  .009     .35
## 3       condition:sex        1, 94 11.91     0.06 .0006     .81
## 4               trial 2.63, 247.09  2.11 9.20 ***   .09  <.0001
## 5     condition:trial 2.63, 247.09  2.11     0.39  .004     .74
## 6           sex:trial 2.63, 247.09  2.11     0.34  .004     .77
## 7 condition:sex:trial 2.63, 247.09  2.11     1.67   .02     .18
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Sphericity correction method: GG
##  contrast  estimate    SE  df t.ratio p.value
##  X15 - X30    0.758 0.201 282  3.764  0.0010 
##  X15 - X45    0.650 0.201 282  3.228  0.0056 
##  X15 - X60    1.015 0.201 282  5.042  <.0001 
##  X30 - X45   -0.108 0.201 282 -0.536  0.5926 
##  X30 - X60    0.257 0.201 282  1.278  0.4044 
##  X45 - X60    0.365 0.201 282  1.814  0.2122 
## 
## Results are averaged over the levels of: condition, sex 
## P value adjustment: holm method for 6 tests
## Call:
## bwtrim(formula = helpless_rating ~ condition * factor(trial), 
##     id = ID, data = ratings)
## 
##                           value df1     df2 p.value
## condition               10.3935   1 64.2230  0.0020
## factor(trial)            5.1061   3 57.5366  0.0033
## condition:factor(trial)  1.1629   3 57.5366  0.3318

As expected, YC reported greater feelings of helplessness compared to EC. Overall helplessness ratings decreased across trials.

5.2 Exhaustion

There were no outliers with respect to exhaustion ratings.

## 
##  Two Sample t-test
## 
## data:  ratingMean$exhausted_rating[ratingMean$condition == "EC"] and ratingMean$exhausted_rating[ratingMean$condition == "YC"]
## t = -1.6238, df = 96, p-value = 0.1077
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  -1.3163883  0.1317391
## sample estimates:
## mean of x mean of y 
##  4.420833  5.013158
## 
## Cohen's d
## 
## d estimate: -0.3366555 (small)
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##       lower       upper 
## -0.75094553  0.07763462

## 
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
## 
##                     Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df  F value    Pr(>F)    
## (Intercept)         7856.9      1  1072.16     94 688.8370 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition             21.8      1  1072.16     94   1.9148 0.1697074    
## sex                  107.6      1  1072.16     94   9.4337 0.0027862 ** 
## condition:sex         28.2      1  1072.16     94   2.4764 0.1189249    
## trial                 17.5      3   237.45    282   6.9456 0.0001589 ***
## condition:trial        2.3      3   237.45    282   0.9091 0.4369966    
## sex:trial              5.0      3   237.45    282   1.9899 0.1156804    
## condition:sex:trial    4.0      3   237.45    282   1.5877 0.1925216    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## 
## Mauchly Tests for Sphericity
## 
##                     Test statistic    p-value
## trial                      0.61938 1.9125e-08
## condition:trial            0.61938 1.9125e-08
## sex:trial                  0.61938 1.9125e-08
## condition:sex:trial        0.61938 1.9125e-08
## 
## 
## Greenhouse-Geisser and Huynh-Feldt Corrections
##  for Departure from Sphericity
## 
##                     GG eps Pr(>F[GG])    
## trial               0.7679  0.0006584 ***
## condition:trial     0.7679  0.4162149    
## sex:trial           0.7679  0.1320284    
## condition:sex:trial 0.7679  0.2030627    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
##                        HF eps   Pr(>F[HF])
## trial               0.7882936 0.0005807407
## condition:trial     0.7882936 0.4183250209
## sex:trial           0.7882936 0.1305292494
## condition:sex:trial 0.7882936 0.2021882118
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: exhausted_rating
##                Effect           df   MSE        F  pes p.value
## 1           condition        1, 94 11.41     1.91  .02     .17
## 2                 sex        1, 94 11.41  9.43 **  .09    .003
## 3       condition:sex        1, 94 11.41     2.48  .03     .12
## 4               trial 2.30, 216.55  1.10 6.95 ***  .07   .0007
## 5     condition:trial 2.30, 216.55  1.10     0.91 .010     .42
## 6           sex:trial 2.30, 216.55  1.10     1.99  .02     .13
## 7 condition:sex:trial 2.30, 216.55  1.10     1.59  .02     .20
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Sphericity correction method: GG
##  contrast  estimate    SE  df t.ratio p.value
##  X15 - X30   -0.416 0.136 282 -3.059  0.0122 
##  X15 - X45   -0.573 0.136 282 -4.218  0.0002 
##  X15 - X60   -0.179 0.136 282 -1.318  0.3771 
##  X30 - X45   -0.157 0.136 282 -1.159  0.3771 
##  X30 - X60    0.236 0.136 282  1.741  0.2483 
##  X45 - X60    0.394 0.136 282  2.900  0.0161 
## 
## Results are averaged over the levels of: condition, sex 
## P value adjustment: holm method for 6 tests
## Call:
## bwtrim(formula = exhausted_rating ~ condition * factor(trial), 
##     id = ID, data = ratings)
## 
##                          value df1     df2 p.value
## condition               1.9115   1 69.8323  0.1712
## factor(trial)           7.3179   3 56.4622  0.0003
## condition:factor(trial) 0.8427   3 56.4622  0.4763

There were no group differences in terms of exhaustion ratings. Overall reported exhaustion increased, then decreased over time. Men reported less exhaustion compared to women.

5.3 RTs

There were no extreme outliers with respect to RT.

## 
##  Two Sample t-test
## 
## data:  RTMean$rt[RTMean$condition == "EC"] and RTMean$rt[RTMean$condition == "YC"]
## t = -6.6664, df = 96, p-value = 1.659e-09
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  -251.7004 -136.1993
## sample estimates:
## mean of x mean of y 
##  652.8233  846.7731
## 
## Cohen's d
## 
## d estimate: -1.382088 (large)
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##      lower      upper 
## -1.8378929 -0.9262839

## Call:
## bwtrim(formula = rt ~ condition * trial, id = ID, data = stress)
## 
##                    value df1      df2 p.value
## trial             0.9567  59 390.5510  0.5691
## condition       504.0623   1 948.6703  0.0000
## trial:condition   0.8877  59 390.6699  0.7069
## [1] -0.8469792
## [1] -0.247322
## 
##  Two Sample t-test
## 
## data:  RTMean$rt[RTMean$sex == "f"] and RTMean$rt[RTMean$sex == "m"]
## t = 0.94389, df = 96, p-value = 0.3476
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  -35.80524 100.72944
## sample estimates:
## mean of x mean of y 
##  742.2719  709.8098

EC was significantly faster than YC. There was no effect of trial.

6 Changes in Affective State

6.1 Depression and Anxiety (STADI)

There were no extreme outliers with respect to STADI scores.

## 
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
## 
##                Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df   F value    Pr(>F)    
## (Intercept)    238779      1  11199.5     96 2046.7743 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition         361      1  11199.5     96    3.0948  0.081731 .  
## time              158      1   1359.8     96   11.1309  0.001209 ** 
## condition:time      2      1   1359.8     96    0.1438  0.705393    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: STADI_S_Global
##           Effect    df    MSE        F  pes p.value
## 1      condition 1, 96 116.66   3.09 +  .03     .08
## 2           time 1, 96  14.17 11.13 **  .10    .001
## 3 condition:time 1, 96  14.17     0.14 .001     .71
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1
## Call:
## bwtrim(formula = STADI_S_Global ~ condition * factor(time), id = ID, 
##     data = affStates)
## 
##                         value df1     df2 p.value
## condition              2.3817   1 58.5819  0.1281
## factor(time)           9.3493   1 67.2334  0.0032
## condition:factor(time) 0.1612   1 67.2334  0.6893
## 
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
## 
##                    Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df   F value    Pr(>F)    
## (Intercept)        233801      1    11161     94 1969.1849 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition             368      1    11161     94    3.0993  0.081581 .  
## sex                    16      1    11161     94    0.1345  0.714682    
## condition:sex          14      1    11161     94    0.1170  0.733098    
## time                  140      1     1333     94    9.8866  0.002229 ** 
## condition:time          4      1     1333     94    0.3084  0.579996    
## sex:time               13      1     1333     94    0.9216  0.339513    
## condition:sex:time     20      1     1333     94    1.3935  0.240789    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: STADI_S_Global
##               Effect    df    MSE       F  pes p.value
## 1          condition 1, 94 118.73  3.10 +  .03     .08
## 2                sex 1, 94 118.73    0.13 .001     .71
## 3      condition:sex 1, 94 118.73    0.12 .001     .73
## 4               time 1, 94  14.18 9.89 **  .10    .002
## 5     condition:time 1, 94  14.18    0.31 .003     .58
## 6           sex:time 1, 94  14.18    0.92 .010     .34
## 7 condition:sex:time 1, 94  14.18    1.39  .01     .24
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1

There was a trend effect of group with YC showing slightly higher scores than EC at pre and post. Although both groups reported an sig. increase in depressive symptoms and anxiety from pre to post stress induction, there was no interaction effect, i.e. no differential changes in STADI scores.

6.2 Negative and Positive Mood (PANAS)

6.2.1 Negative Mood

There was one extreme outlier with respect to negative mood which we excluded from this analysis.

## 
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
## 
##                Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df   F value    Pr(>F)    
## (Intercept)     36333      1   3308.3     96 1054.3131 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition         245      1   3308.3     96    7.1020  0.009034 ** 
## time               38      1    409.3     96    8.8304  0.003744 ** 
## condition:time      0      1    409.3     96    0.0766  0.782582    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: PANAS_neg
##           Effect    df   MSE       F   pes p.value
## 1      condition 1, 96 34.46 7.10 **   .07    .009
## 2           time 1, 96  4.26 8.83 **   .08    .004
## 3 condition:time 1, 96  4.26    0.08 .0008     .78
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1
## Call:
## bwtrim(formula = PANAS_neg ~ condition * factor(time), id = ID, 
##     data = affStates)
## 
##                         value df1     df2 p.value
## condition              6.0149   1 55.7833  0.0173
## factor(time)           7.0439   1 67.2829  0.0099
## condition:factor(time) 0.0061   1 67.2829  0.9380
## 
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
## 
##                    Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df   F value    Pr(>F)    
## (Intercept)         35058      1  2633.52     93 1238.0414 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition             344      1  2633.52     93   12.1622 0.0007466 ***
## sex                    29      1  2633.52     93    1.0064 0.3183582    
## condition:sex          61      1  2633.52     93    2.1650 0.1445565    
## time                   31      1   372.49     93    7.8330 0.0062369 ** 
## condition:time          2      1   372.49     93    0.5096 0.4771162    
## sex:time                6      1   372.49     93    1.5188 0.2209025    
## condition:sex:time     35      1   372.49     93    8.7413 0.0039426 ** 
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: PANAS_neg
##               Effect    df   MSE         F  pes p.value
## 1          condition 1, 93 28.32 12.16 ***  .12   .0007
## 2                sex 1, 93 28.32      1.01  .01     .32
## 3      condition:sex 1, 93 28.32      2.17  .02     .14
## 4               time 1, 93  4.01   7.83 **  .08    .006
## 5     condition:time 1, 93  4.01      0.51 .005     .48
## 6           sex:time 1, 93  4.01      1.52  .02     .22
## 7 condition:sex:time 1, 93  4.01   8.74 **  .09    .004
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1

There were sig. group differences in negative mood with slightly higher overall scores in YC compared to EC. We observed an overall decrease from pre to post stress induction but no interaction of group x time. However, a significant interaction of group x sex x time emerged.

6.2.2 Positive Mood

There were no outliers with respect to positive mood scores.

## 
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
## 
##                Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df   F value    Pr(>F)    
## (Intercept)    139671      1  10597.6     96 1265.2232 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition           9      1  10597.6     96    0.0837    0.7730    
## time              551      1   2056.7     96   25.7194 1.922e-06 ***
## condition:time      7      1   2056.7     96    0.3047    0.5822    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: PANAS_pos
##           Effect    df    MSE         F   pes p.value
## 1      condition 1, 96 110.39      0.08 .0009     .77
## 2           time 1, 96  21.42 25.72 ***   .21  <.0001
## 3 condition:time 1, 96  21.42      0.30  .003     .58
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
## 
##                    Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df   F value    Pr(>F)    
## (Intercept)        138585      1  10271.4     94 1268.2739 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition               0      1  10271.4     94    0.0044   0.94709    
## sex                   177      1  10271.4     94    1.6199   0.20624    
## condition:sex         224      1  10271.4     94    2.0495   0.15557    
## time                  480      1   1940.5     94   23.2489 5.467e-06 ***
## condition:time          5      1   1940.5     94    0.2463   0.62083    
## sex:time              109      1   1940.5     94    5.2769   0.02383 *  
## condition:sex:time      0      1   1940.5     94    0.0021   0.96360    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: PANAS_pos
##               Effect    df    MSE         F    pes p.value
## 1          condition 1, 94 109.27      0.00 <.0001     .95
## 2                sex 1, 94 109.27      1.62    .02     .21
## 3      condition:sex 1, 94 109.27      2.05    .02     .16
## 4               time 1, 94  20.64 23.25 ***    .20  <.0001
## 5     condition:time 1, 94  20.64      0.25   .003     .62
## 6           sex:time 1, 94  20.64    5.28 *    .05     .02
## 7 condition:sex:time 1, 94  20.64      0.00 <.0001     .96
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1

There were no group differences in positive mood but an overall decrease from pre to post stress induction. Men displayed a slightly smaller decrease compared to women.

7 Escape Behaviour

7.1 Activity (moves per minute)

There were two extreme outliers with respect to activity and we excluded them from this analysis.

## 
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
## 
##                        Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df  F value    Pr(>F)    
## (Intercept)           9984411      1  1791802     96 534.9383 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition               10299      1  1791802     96   0.5518    0.4594    
## phase                  594560      1   696970     96  81.8941 1.638e-14 ***
## condition:phase          7117      1   696970     96   0.9803    0.3246    
## block                  191098      1   381050     96  48.1444 4.635e-10 ***
## condition:block         10263      1   381050     96   2.5857    0.1111    
## phase:block               533      1   122017     96   0.4193    0.5188    
## condition:phase:block     130      1   122017     96   0.1020    0.7501    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: mpm
##                  Effect    df      MSE         F  pes p.value
## 1             condition 1, 96 18664.60      0.55 .006     .46
## 2                 phase 1, 96  7260.11 81.89 ***  .46  <.0001
## 3       condition:phase 1, 96  7260.11      0.98  .01     .32
## 4                 block 1, 96  3969.27 48.14 ***  .33  <.0001
## 5       condition:block 1, 96  3969.27      2.59  .03     .11
## 6           phase:block 1, 96  1271.01      0.42 .004     .52
## 7 condition:phase:block 1, 96  1271.01      0.10 .001     .75
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
## 
##                             Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df  F value    Pr(>F)
## (Intercept)               10107465      1  1584770     94 599.5201 < 2.2e-16
## condition                     9917      1  1584770     94   0.5882  0.445034
## sex                         167354      1  1584770     94   9.9265  0.002185
## condition:sex                 9799      1  1584770     94   0.5812  0.447742
## phase                       599596      1   675452     94  83.4434 1.271e-14
## condition:phase               5796      1   675452     94   0.8067  0.371406
## sex:phase                    10188      1   675452     94   1.4178  0.236761
## condition:sex:phase           6426      1   675452     94   0.8943  0.346750
## block                       199684      1   367752     94  51.0407 1.906e-10
## condition:block              13213      1   367752     94   3.3773  0.069260
## sex:block                     7561      1   367752     94   1.9326  0.167758
## condition:sex:block           8804      1   367752     94   2.2504  0.136928
## phase:block                    385      1   119991     94   0.3018  0.584083
## condition:phase:block           26      1   119991     94   0.0201  0.887461
## sex:phase:block                227      1   119991     94   0.1775  0.674534
## condition:sex:phase:block     2003      1   119991     94   1.5690  0.213454
##                              
## (Intercept)               ***
## condition                    
## sex                       ** 
## condition:sex                
## phase                     ***
## condition:phase              
## sex:phase                    
## condition:sex:phase          
## block                     ***
## condition:block           .  
## sex:block                    
## condition:sex:block          
## phase:block                  
## condition:phase:block        
## sex:phase:block              
## condition:sex:phase:block    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: mpm
##                       Effect    df      MSE         F   pes p.value
## 1                  condition 1, 94 16859.26      0.59  .006     .45
## 2                        sex 1, 94 16859.26   9.93 **   .10    .002
## 3              condition:sex 1, 94 16859.26      0.58  .006     .45
## 4                      phase 1, 94  7185.66 83.44 ***   .47  <.0001
## 5            condition:phase 1, 94  7185.66      0.81  .009     .37
## 6                  sex:phase 1, 94  7185.66      1.42   .01     .24
## 7        condition:sex:phase 1, 94  7185.66      0.89  .009     .35
## 8                      block 1, 94  3912.25 51.04 ***   .35  <.0001
## 9            condition:block 1, 94  3912.25    3.38 +   .03     .07
## 10                 sex:block 1, 94  3912.25      1.93   .02     .17
## 11       condition:sex:block 1, 94  3912.25      2.25   .02     .14
## 12               phase:block 1, 94  1276.50      0.30  .003     .58
## 13     condition:phase:block 1, 94  1276.50      0.02 .0002     .89
## 14           sex:phase:block 1, 94  1276.50      0.18  .002     .67
## 15 condition:sex:phase:block 1, 94  1276.50      1.57   .02     .21
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1

There was no main effect of group but a significant difference in activity between the free exploration phase and the stress phase as well as between blocks. Participants showed increased activity over blocks and generally lower activity in the stress phase. Men showed more activity compared to women.

7.2 Exploration

There were no extreme outliers with respect to exploration.

## 
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
## 
##                  Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df  F value    Pr(>F)    
## (Intercept)     5731290      1  1006749     96 546.5152 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition          7727      1  1006749     96   0.7368    0.3928    
## block            102147      1   201836     96  48.5848 3.993e-10 ***
## condition:block    1472      1   201836     96   0.7003    0.4048    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: exploration
##            Effect    df      MSE         F  pes p.value
## 1       condition 1, 96 10486.97      0.74 .008     .39
## 2           block 1, 96  2102.46 48.58 ***  .34  <.0001
## 3 condition:block 1, 96  2102.46      0.70 .007     .40
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1
## Call:
## bwtrim(formula = exploration ~ condition * factor(block), id = ID, 
##     data = explorationNoStress)
## 
##                           value df1      df2 p.value
## factor(block)           53.0621   1 547.0090  0.0000
## condition                5.6131   1 500.5521  0.0182
## factor(block):condition  0.1403   1 500.5521  0.7082

## 
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
## 
##                      Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df  F value    Pr(>F)    
## (Intercept)         5809501      1   893765     94 611.0027 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition              8237      1   893765     94   0.8663   0.35438    
## sex                   99044      1   893765     94  10.4167   0.00172 ** 
## condition:sex          1759      1   893765     94   0.1850   0.66811    
## block                109881      1   189453     94  54.5189 6.132e-11 ***
## condition:block        2496      1   189453     94   1.2383   0.26864    
## sex:block             10051      1   189453     94   4.9869   0.02791 *  
## condition:sex:block    4929      1   189453     94   2.4454   0.12123    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: exploration
##                Effect    df     MSE         F  pes p.value
## 1           condition 1, 94 9508.14      0.87 .009     .35
## 2                 sex 1, 94 9508.14  10.42 **  .10    .002
## 3       condition:sex 1, 94 9508.14      0.18 .002     .67
## 4               block 1, 94 2015.46 54.52 ***  .37  <.0001
## 5     condition:block 1, 94 2015.46      1.24  .01     .27
## 6           sex:block 1, 94 2015.46    4.99 *  .05     .03
## 7 condition:sex:block 1, 94 2015.46      2.45  .03     .12
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1

There was no main effect of group but a significant difference in exploration between blocks. Participants showed increased exploration in block 2. In block 2, men explored more compared to women.

7.3 Escapes

There were no outliers with respect to escape rate.

## 
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
## 
##                 Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df  F value  Pr(>F)    
## (Intercept)     805.27      1   406.73     96 190.0698 < 2e-16 ***
## condition         0.27      1   406.73     96   0.0647 0.79976    
## block            10.65      1   222.98     96   4.5870 0.03475 *  
## condition:block  11.86      1   222.98     96   5.1054 0.02611 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: sum_escapes_block
##            Effect    df  MSE      F   pes p.value
## 1       condition 1, 96 4.24   0.06 .0007     .80
## 2           block 1, 96 2.32 4.59 *   .05     .03
## 3 condition:block 1, 96 2.32 5.11 *   .05     .03
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1
##  contrast      estimate    SE  df t.ratio p.value
##  EC,X1 - YC,X1  -0.5816 0.375 177 -1.549  0.6159 
##  EC,X1 - EC,X2  -0.9833 0.278  96 -3.534  0.0038 
##  EC,X1 - YC,X2  -0.5553 0.375 177 -1.479  0.6159 
##  YC,X1 - EC,X2  -0.4018 0.375 177 -1.070  0.7673 
##  YC,X1 - YC,X2   0.0263 0.350  96  0.075  0.9402 
##  EC,X2 - YC,X2   0.4281 0.375 177  1.140  0.7673 
## 
## P value adjustment: holm method for 6 tests
## Call:
## bwtrim(formula = sum_escapes_block ~ condition * factor(block), 
##     id = ID, data = escapesStress)
## 
##                          value df1     df2 p.value
## condition               0.0742   1 62.5449  0.7862
## factor(block)           4.1194   1 65.1321  0.0465
## condition:factor(block) 7.2058   1 65.1321  0.0092
## 
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
## 
##                     Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df  F value  Pr(>F)    
## (Intercept)         813.69      1   395.78     94 193.2549 < 2e-16 ***
## condition             0.39      1   395.78     94   0.0935 0.76050    
## sex                  10.52      1   395.78     94   2.4980 0.11735    
## condition:sex         0.01      1   395.78     94   0.0032 0.95523    
## block                13.04      1   215.18     94   5.6970 0.01900 *  
## condition:block      10.54      1   215.18     94   4.6046 0.03446 *  
## sex:block             7.80      1   215.18     94   3.4063 0.06809 .  
## condition:sex:block   0.41      1   215.18     94   0.1806 0.67185    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: sum_escapes_block
##                Effect    df  MSE      F    pes p.value
## 1           condition 1, 94 4.21   0.09  .0010     .76
## 2                 sex 1, 94 4.21   2.50    .03     .12
## 3       condition:sex 1, 94 4.21   0.00 <.0001     .96
## 4               block 1, 94 2.29 5.70 *    .06     .02
## 5     condition:block 1, 94 2.29 4.60 *    .05     .03
## 6           sex:block 1, 94 2.29 3.41 +    .03     .07
## 7 condition:sex:block 1, 94 2.29   0.18   .002     .67
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1

EC managed to escape more often in block 2 compared to block 1, whereas YC did not improve (scores denote rather a slight decrease!). However, this interaction was not significant upon correction of family-wise error. Men improved more than women from block 1 to block 2.

7.4 Efficiency

There were some outliers with respect to efficiency but excluding them did not affect the results, so we kept them.

## 
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
## 
##                  Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df  F value    Pr(>F)    
## (Intercept)     1527186      1   405177     91 342.9955 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition          8317      1   405177     91   1.8678 0.1750899    
## block             10321      1   300281     91   3.1277 0.0803247 .  
## condition:block   40854      1   300281     91  12.3809 0.0006793 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: overall_efficiency
##            Effect    df     MSE         F pes p.value
## 1       condition 1, 91 4452.49      1.87 .02     .18
## 2           block 1, 91 3299.79    3.13 + .03     .08
## 3 condition:block 1, 91 3299.79 12.38 *** .12   .0007
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1
##  contrast      estimate   SE  df t.ratio p.value
##  EC,X1 - YC,X1    16.62 13.2 178  1.260  0.5062 
##  EC,X1 - EC,X2    15.06 10.9  91  1.387  0.5062 
##  EC,X1 - YC,X2   -28.88 13.2 178 -2.190  0.1194 
##  YC,X1 - EC,X2    -1.56 13.2 178 -0.118  0.9061 
##  YC,X1 - YC,X2   -45.50 13.4  91 -3.407  0.0059 
##  EC,X2 - YC,X2   -43.94 13.2 178 -3.331  0.0059 
## 
## P value adjustment: holm method for 6 tests
## Call:
## bwtrim(formula = overall_efficiency ~ condition * factor(block), 
##     id = ID, data = efficiencyStress)
## 
##                          value df1     df2 p.value
## factor(block)           1.5804   1 33.3288  0.2174
## condition               0.8718   1 39.9654  0.3561
## factor(block):condition 5.9951   1 39.9654  0.0188
## 
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
## 
##                      Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df  F value  Pr(>F)    
## (Intercept)         1505474      1   399940     89 335.0181 < 2e-16 ***
## condition              7407      1   399940     89   1.6483 0.20252    
## sex                     335      1   399940     89   0.0745 0.78546    
## condition:sex          4163      1   399940     89   0.9265 0.33838    
## block                  7606      1   281819     89   2.4019 0.12473    
## condition:block       36227      1   281819     89  11.4407 0.00107 ** 
## sex:block             18150      1   281819     89   5.7318 0.01876 *  
## condition:sex:block    2107      1   281819     89   0.6654 0.41684    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: overall_efficiency
##                Effect    df     MSE        F   pes p.value
## 1           condition 1, 89 4493.71     1.65   .02     .20
## 2                 sex 1, 89 4493.71     0.07 .0008     .79
## 3       condition:sex 1, 89 4493.71     0.93   .01     .34
## 4               block 1, 89 3166.50     2.40   .03     .12
## 5     condition:block 1, 89 3166.50 11.44 **   .11    .001
## 6           sex:block 1, 89 3166.50   5.73 *   .06     .02
## 7 condition:sex:block 1, 89 3166.50     0.67  .007     .42
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1

Whereas EC and YC did not differ in efficiency in block 1 (although YC had slightly better scores), YC showed sig. less efficient behaviour in block 2 compared to EC. There was also an interaction of sex x block.

8 Correction for Multiple Dependent Variables

8.1 Acute Stress Effects

##        DVacute    p.orig Bonferroni
## 3           RT 1.659e-09 4.9770e-09
## 1 helplessness 4.685e-03 1.4055e-02
## 2   exhaustion 1.077e-01 3.2310e-01

8.2 Transfer Stress Effects

##    DVtransfer    p.orig Bonferroni
## 6  efficiency 0.0006793  0.0040758
## 5     escapes 0.0261100  0.1566600
## 4 exploration 0.4048000  1.0000000
## 3    PANASpos 0.5822000  1.0000000
## 1       STADI 0.7053930  1.0000000
## 2    PANASneg 0.7825820  1.0000000

9 Plots for Paper

9.1 Figure 1

9.2 Figure 2

10 Plots for Supplement